HER2, EGFR, ALK, PDL1

What are these tests?
HER2, EGFR, ALK and PD-L1 are molecular tests used to identify specific changes in tumor cells. These biomarkers help determine the most appropriate treatment, particularly targeted therapies and immunotherapy.

HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2)

  • A protein that affects cell growth
  • Overexpression is mainly associated with breast cancer and some cases of stomach cancer
  • HER2-positive patients may benefit from specific targeted therapies

EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor)

  • A gene that controls cell growth and division
  • EGFR mutations are common in lung cancer (NSCLC)
  • Helps in selecting targeted therapies (EGFR inhibitors)

ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase)

  • A genetic rearrangement that occurs in a small percentage of patients with lung cancer
  • ALK-positive patients may be treated with specific targeted medications

PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1)

  • A protein that helps tumor cells “hide” from the immune system
  • Used to assess whether a patient may benefit from immunotherapy
  • Measured as a percentage of expression in tumor cells

How are these tests performed?

  • A tumor tissue sample (biopsy) is used 

 

 

FAQs

01

Are these tests necessary for every cancer patient?

 

No, they are recommended based on the type of cancer and the physician's assessment.

02

Do they require a new procedure to collect the sample?

 

Not always—an existing biopsy is often used.

03

Can all of these tests be performed at the same time?

 

Yes, they are often included in combined molecular panels.

04

Do the results change over time?

 

In some cases, yes, especially during disease progression.

05

Do they directly affect the choice of treatment?

 

Yes, they are essential for targeted therapies and immunotherapy.

06

Are these inherited genetic tests?

 

No, they usually analyze acquired mutations in the tumor, not inherited mutations.

07

Can these tests be performed using a blood sample?

 

In some cases, yes (liquid biopsy), but tumor tissue is more commonly required.

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